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C# - Program Structure

Before we study basic building blocks of the C# programming language, let us look at a bare minimum C# program structure so that we can take it as a reference in upcoming chapters.

C# Hello World Example

A C# program basically consists of the following parts:

• Namespace declaration
• A class
• Class methods
• Class attributes
• A Main method
• Statements & Expressions
• Comments

Let us look at a simple code that would print the words "Hello World":

using System;
namespace HelloWorldApplication
{
   class HelloWorld
   {
      static void Main(string[] args)
      {
         /* my first program in C# */
         Console.WriteLine("Hello World");
         Console.ReadKey();
      }
   }
}

When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result:

Hello World

Let us look at various parts of the above program:

• The first line of the program using System; - the using keyword is used to include the Systemnamespace in the program. A program generally has multiple using statements.
• The next line has the namespace declaration. A namespace is a collection of classes. TheHelloWorldApplication namespace contains the class HelloWorld.
• The next line has a class declaration, the class HelloWorld contains the data and method definitions that your program uses. Classes generally would contain more than one method. Methods define the behavior of the class. However, the HelloWorld class has only one methodMain.
• The next line defines the Main method, which is the entry point for all C# programs. The Mainmethod states what the class will do when executed
• The next line /*...*/ will be ignored by the compiler and it has been put to add additionalcomments in the program.
• The Main method specifies its behavior with the statement Console.WriteLine("Hello World");
  WriteLine is a method of the Console class defined in the System namespace. This statement causes the message "Hello, World!" to be displayed on the screen.
• The last line Console.ReadKey(); is for the VS.NET Users. This makes the program wait for a key press and it prevents the screen from running and closing quickly when the program is launched from Visual Studio .NET.

It's worth to note the following points:

• C# is case sensitive.
• All statements and expression must end with a semicolon (;).
• The program execution starts at the Main method.
• Unlike Java, file name could be different from the class name.

Compile & Execute a C# Program:

If you are using Visual Studio.Net for compiling and executing C# programs, take the following steps:

• Start Visual Studio.
• On the menu bar, choose File, New, Project.
• Choose Visual C# from templates, and then choose Windows.
• Choose Console Application.
• Specify a name for your project, and then choose the OK button.
• The new project appears in Solution Explorer.
• Write code in the Code Editor.
• Click the Run button or the F5 key to run the project. A Command Prompt window appears that contains the line Hello World.

You can compile a C# program by using the command-line instead of the Visual Studio IDE:

• Open a text editor and add the above-mentioned code.
• Save the file as helloworld.cs
• Open the command prompt tool and go to the directory where you saved the file.
• Type csc helloworld.cs and press enter to compile your code.
• If there are no errors in your code, the command prompt will take you to the next line and would generate helloworld.exe executable file.
• Next, type helloworld to execute your program.
• You will be able to see "Hello World" printed on the screen.

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